Evolution Korea: What No One Is Discussing
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Evolution Korea
South Korea's democratic system is prone to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than might be expected.
The country is searching for an entirely new model of development. The Confucian culture, which emphasizes respect for ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. However, there are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times the ancestors of the modern Koreans were capable of surviving by hunting and gathering wild food. Around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops including millet and beans. They also raised livestock and created furs. They formed tribal states in Manchuria, and then on the Korean peninsula. They also established an industry for metalworking, which produced bronze tools and later iron ones. They traded with other states and introduced celadon paper making, block printing art styles, and writing to Japan.
In 2333 BCE Gojoseon was established in the southern region of the peninsula. The state embraced Buddhism and adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian philosophy. In this time, the inhabitants of Buyeo joined Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical state where the monarch and other senior officials came from the aristocracy of the land, while the rest of the population was peasants. The state extracted taxes from these citizens, and sometimes required them to join the army or take part in government projects such as building fortifications.
Onjo Prince Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo, founded the state of Baekje towards the end of the period. The new kingdom expanded its territory to the southwest of the peninsula and fought with Goguryeo and China's commanderies in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state belief system in 1390 CE and established the male-centric notion of filiopiety a doctrine. Under the guise filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by all and admired by even their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, a country that was ruled from 918 to 1392 CE in the year 1392 CE, introduced to the world the Hangul Alphabet, based on the patterns created by the mouth while pronouncing. This greatly improved communication between people, and led to an explosion in the writing of Buddhist texts. Woodblock printing and the movable metal type were also improved. It was during this time that the Samguk sagi, also known as 'History of the Three Kingdoms' was first recorded in 1145 CE.
The evolution of Korea
The Korean peninsula was habitable from Neolithic times to. Early evidence of human settlements can be found in the form cist graves lined with stones, and adorned with precious objects like amazonite jewelry that were buried with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, built from massive single stones, are widespread throughout the country.
In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. The peninsula was then controlled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms Period (57 BC-635 CE) which included Baekje and Goguryeo. Additionally, the northern part of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which many historians do not consider to be a proper Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms arose the Proto-Three Kingdoms Period, also known as the Several States Period. Baekje was the most powerful of these states, was diminished by the collapse of Goguryeo (676 CE) leaving only its southern regions in Manchuria and the western region around Hwanghae Bay. Eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy, thrived for a while.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to cooperate to expand their territories. In the end, Silla, with significant Chinese aid, conquered the other states and unified the peninsula in 935 CE.
As Korea enters the post-crisis era, its development paradigm is in flux. The people who are awed by the enormous cost of the old system advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand supporters of the old system seek to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear over potential job losses.
Academics and analysts are divided over the extent to which Korea's evolution is being driven by these two trends. This article focuses on the five phases of the Korean evolution in terms of its political development: democratic democracies that are not liberal (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877) democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and participatory democracy (2002). This article website also highlights the most important factors that are shaping these processes.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. Creationists have made progress in promoting their views to this group. A survey conducted in 2009 revealed that nearly one third of respondents do not believe in evolution. Of those who voted, 41% said that there was insufficient evidence from science to support the theory 39% of respondents said that the theory contradicted their religion and 17% said it was difficult to grasp. The level of doubt is similar to that of the United States where a similar percentage do not believe humans evolved from less advanced species of life.
In the past of the anti-evolution movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and in bringing them to Christ. A significant rise in interest in creation science began in the year 1980, following the inauguration of a four-day seminar during the World Evangelization Crusade in Seoul that included Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the keynote speakers. This event drew an impressive crowd of professors, scientists, and church leaders.
The event's success resulted in the formation of the Korea Association of Creation Research on January 31, 1980. The meeting was covered extensively in the national press, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR started publishing a newsletter called CREATION. In it, the organization published its own activities and published articles on scientific evidence supporting creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as a few books on creationism that were already in print outside of Korea. KACR members lectured throughout the country at universities and churches.
A KACR success was observed at the KAIST University in Seoul. Students at KAIST in Seoul were interested in creationism, they raised funds and received funding to build a small museum dedicated to creation on campus.
In addition to its public activities, KACR publishes a bimonthly news magazine called CREATION, which covers topics in the field of creation science. It has also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It also has an organization of local branch offices that offer seminars and talks to schoolchildren and other community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the latter part of the nineteenth century and the early 20th century, Korea began to adopt a more Westernized lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other style elements imported from overseas. The traditional Korean music was also replaced by jazz and rock & roll. In this time the samulnori, or masked dancing-dramas were very popular. These dramatic pieces were performed with the accompaniment of shaman drums as well as various types of musical instruments.
Korea's new development paradigm is being formed in the aftermath of the economic crisis. The main challenge for the new regime lies in the proper balance between state-led economic policies and market-based ones. It also involves changing the incentives monitoring and discipline schemes that have been a part of the system prior to the crisis. These issues are addressed in Chapters 3 and 4.
Established by Onjo, prince of Goguryeo and the third son of Jumong, Baekje was established jointly by the people who lived along the Hangang River, those from Buyeo and other regions, as well as people from northern China. In the early 4th century, Baekje was a major regional power, and expanded its territory as far as Mahan in the north and Jeollanam-do in the south. This meant that it was constantly in conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanders at the border.
The decline of Silla between the 8th and 9th centuries resulted in the development of powerful local factions. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as the capital. He controlled a part of today's Jeolla province as well as Chungcheong. Later, he relocated the capital to Wansanju and became a rival of Goguryeo.
His rule was however only for a short time. Wang Geon, a powerful local leader who defeated Gungye in 935 and united Goryeo, Baekje, and Silla, later incorporated Baekje into Goryeo peacefully as a successor. Wang Geon also introduced fundamental reforms, and strengthened the central government system. This was the end of the Three Kingdoms Period. From that point on, the Korean peninsula was under the control of the Goryeo Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually developed into powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.